Forensic video enhancement software forensic video analysts; technicians; examiners; Learning objectives Amped Software develops solutions for the analysis and enhancement of images and videos for forensic, security, and investigative applications. Jun 12, 2017 · Looking for advice from the forensics community for tools used to enhance videos. Best Forensic Video Enhancement Software Free Download. For teams of four or more forensic video analysts to equip each member with a license of Amped FIVE so that they always have the tool on hand to analyze the ever-growing digital multimedia evidence, managing the entire workflow, from conversion to analysis, enhancement, redaction or spotlight, and report generation. I’ve got a Bachelor of Technology Multimedia Systems Engineering and I’m also a LEVA certified analyst. Try a demo today! Jan 31, 2017 · Its primary purpose is to provide forensic investigators a complete and unique solution to process and analyze digital images and video data in a simple, fast and precise way. Overview of Video Forensic Analysis Software. The software is equipped with advanced AI-enhancing tools that can upscale videos up to 8K resolution for maximum clarity Sep 2, 2024 · 5 Best Forensic Video Enhancement Software. Some of the most popular programs include Adobe Premiere, Adobe Final Cut Pro, and Avid Me Digital forensics is a crucial field that plays a vital role in investigating and solving cybercrimes. Through processing and analyzing both still and video images, then utilizing a clear workflow to present evidence that withstands the scrutiny of the courtroom, Amped Video Enhancement Techniques - A variety of enhancement techniques can be employed on video evidence. Aug 18, 2024 · Explore our forensic video authentication and forensic video enhancement services to ensure your video evidence maintains its integrity. Oct 19, 2023 · The dTective® Forensic Video Processing and Analysis Suite is a suite of software tools for clarification, presentation, redaction and more. One popular choice among professionals and beginners alike is Cam Are you looking to enhance your photos and videos but don’t want to break the bank? Look no further. 2, represents the cutting edge in forensic video processing software. Digital forensic software for recovering video data directly from media storage like a disk, and damaged videos. The Cognitech® U. AnyEnhancer. AvsPmod, AviSynth and VirtualDub are three such open-source programs reviewed, improved and supported by millions of active users. Any suggestion will be greatly appreciated. Ensure that your video enhancement software is up-to-date. video enhancement software for law enforcement VideoActive® 64 Part of the Tri-Suite64 software package, VideoActive® 64 is the first Real-Time forensic video processing software. One of the best ways to c When it comes to video editing software programs, there’s a variety of options available. com Perform forensic enhancement analysis and of CCTV, Video cameras, Mobile devices with multimedia forensic techniques and features equipped in Free Forevid forensics tool. Feb 17, 2025 · The integration of advanced face search and restoration capabilities into MD-VIDEO AI represents a significant advancement in video forensics technology. If you are a PC user ru Video editing has become an essential part of our daily lives, whether it’s for personal use or professional projects. Xmeye is In the world of video content creation, having reliable and efficient software is essential. These features provide law enforcement agencies with powerful tools to overcome longstanding challenges in video evidence analysis, ultimately contributing to more efficient and effective Amped Software develops solutions for the analysis and enhancement of images and videos for forensic, security, and investigative applications. Today, we will give you a brief overview of forensic video enhancement software that a forensic video analyst may use during the digital forensics process: 1. These innovative tools let the user easily create, configure, reorder and customize thousands of free plug-in filters, scripts and features to clean video files. From eye-catching blog posts to engaging social media content, businesse In today’s digital age, video editing has become an essential skill for content creators, YouTubers, and even casual users who want to enhance their videos. 개인정보의 수집 및 이용 목적. Frame interpolation: Video recordings captured at low frame rates or with irregular motion can suffer from motion artifacts, making it challenging to VideoCleaner is an Open Source forensic video enhancement software relied upon by thousands of forensic experts, law enforcement professionals, and government agencies across the globe. VHD recording repair. Bad frame removal. It enables investigators to examine videos in detail and extract important information from them. AVCLabs Video Enhancer. The forensic entomology information was presented in trial, but was n In an increasingly digital world, the importance of cybersecurity cannot be overstated. With a plethora of video In today’s digital age, content creation has become an essential part of any successful marketing strategy. In today’s fast-paced world, effective communication is vital for businesses to thrive. Amped FIVE is the leading forensic image and video enhancement software and is acclaimed for its simplicity, ease-of-use and completeness. government security and compliance requirements. Amped FIVE is the most complete image and video forensics software, acclaimed for its reliability and workflow efficiency. Forensic Video & Audio enhancement experts. Conclusion. Cognitech TriSuite 64 – A complete solution for photogrammetry, video & image enhancement, and forensic video enhancement. Axon Investigate is built by a team of certified, forensic video analysts and ensures that investigators view original video evidence and share accurate copies ready for court. Dec 18, 2024 · 5. Aug 2, 2024 · What is the best free forensic video enhancement software? AnyMP4 Video Converter Ultimate is the best forensic video enhancement software. Daetech also provide support and training on all Cognitech's solutions. Optimized for public safety, defense, and government, our tools deliver real-time processing, improving clarity and insights from your footage. Forensic Innovations RGBamplifier – Subtle motion and color change amplifier VideoCleaner – Forensic image & video enhancement and authentication software (lead developer) Click HERE for my complete CV In conclusion, the integration of CCTV camera video enhancement software and video forensics has revolutionized the way we interpret video evidence. S. It includes over 100 Real-Time Preview modules that process and analyze analog and digital surveillance video and still images from CCTV cameras, phones and portable Oct 19, 2023 · Ikena Forensic® - Forensic Enhancement Software Ikena Forensic allows you to get forensically-valid evidence from low quality video in minutes instead of hours. The success of a forensic video enhancement hinges on enhancement techniques and the original video recording’s quality. Software updates often include new features and improvements that can enhance the quality and efficiency of your work. CapCut is a popu Are you an aspiring video editor looking to enhance your editing skills? Look no further than Kinemaster Editor for PC. A forensic cyber security degree is an essential step towards a career in safeguard Forensic accounting is a specialized field that combines accounting, auditing, and investigative skills to uncover financial fraud and provide evidence for legal proceedings. Forensic Video Software vReveal - Video Enhancement for Consumers. Just talk to the computer, and suddenly you can clearly see the color of Cognitech Video Investigator 64 – Full featured forensic video and image enhancement software. Amped FIVE is specifically designed for investigative, forensic, military and security applications. Thanks,Alvey Video Enhancement Software – General (Technical, Procedural, Software, Hardware etc. This may include a full-body suit with a hood, a mask If you’re looking to improve your video editing skills, look no further than these easy-to-follow tips! We’ve compiled a list of tips designed to be beginner-friendly for anyone wh Are your videos looking a bit lackluster? Maybe they need an update to look more professional. Jan 28, 2025 · In criminal investigations, video evidence often plays a pivotal role in piecing together the truth. One such expert is a forensic handwriting expert. The program, developed by Cognitech Inc. And it doesn’t require specialized knowledge to use. Sharpening Get everything other image enhancement software, video deblurring software, and video resolution enhancement software has all in one package and one software with even more features. The techniques may include: Enlarging and/or zooming in on certain parts of a video Video Forensic Analysis: Case Examples. MotionDSP Forensic and Forensic Studio Add Remove Filters Review of MotionDSP's Forensic Video Enhancement Software January 28, 2021 17:44 Amped FIVE was designed to answer the need in providing solid, scientific-based forensic image and video enhancement for worldwide legal systems. After the proposed enhancements have been explained to the client, forensic experts will begin enhancing the video evidence. AVCLabs Video Enhancer is a leading software in enhancing the quality of CCTV footage. With the advancements in technology, video editing software h Are you an aspiring video editor looking for a powerful and user-friendly software to enhance your editing skills? Look no further than CapCut for laptop. One popular choice is Bandicam, a powerful screen recording and video editing tool. Forensic Video Enhancement Market size was valued at USD 1. Designed to answer the need in providing solid, scientific-based forensic image and video enhancement for worldwide legal systems. Our software allows you to q For forensic lab experts to manage the complete image and video analysis workflow, with advanced and fully customizable processes for conversion, restoration, enhancement, measurement, presentation, and reporting, all in a single tool. ) – Forensic Focus Forums Amped FIVE was designed to answer the need in providing solid, scientific-based forensic image and video enhancement for worldwide legal systems. Video Active 64 – Real-Time forensic video processing, capturing, and forensic encoding software. This innovative video edi Video editing has become an essential skill in today’s digital age. Image and video analysts worldwide have contributed to the development of the software used today, ensuring all aspects of the investigation process can be completed within a single application. With so many options available, choosing the right When it comes to video editing, having the right tools can make all the difference. Prohawk is a video enhancement software that provides forensic examiners and surveillance professionals with a robust and easy-to-use solution that can dramatically improve the clarity of footage. Criminal Investigations. In 1932, Lattes developed a meth In today’s digital age, webcams have become an essential tool for communication, whether it’s for personal use or professional purposes. Free evaluation. Forensic lab experts, investigators, and frontline officers looking to strengthen their ability to process and interpret video evidence. Now, let’s explore the 5 best forensic video enhancement tools: 1. Forensic Video & Image Enhancement: Do you have an unclear video or photographic source that may be grainy, distorted, blurred, dark, or have other visual defects? No matter how poor your video or photographic evidence may be, forensic processes can often turn your poor quality video or still images into a useful piece of evidence again. These tools are specifically designed to enhance video quality, making it easier for investigators, Forensic science plays a crucial role in the criminal justice system, providing valuable evidence that helps solve crimes and bring justice to victims. One critical aspect of cybersecurity is forensics, which plays a vital role in investigating As video surveillance becomes increasingly crucial for security purposes, it is essential to have reliable software that allows users to monitor their cameras efficiently. Get everything other image enhancement software, video deblurring software, and video resolution enhancement software has all in one package and one software with even more features. Jun 14, 2023 · Amped Replay is an image and video enhancement software designed for frontline officers, detectives, and first responders. With a plethora of options available, it can be overwhelming to choose which one is. Forensic entomology is the study of insects primarily Some famous forensic entomology cases include the cases of Paul Bernardo, David Westerfield and Ronald Porter. Access to Cognitech’s extensive library of US Patented Video Enhancement algorithms to get the greatest results. Jun 20, 2024 · 4. Topaz Lab Video Enhance AI. 3. When it comes to forensic video enhancement, HitPaw VikPea (formerly HitPaw Video Enhancer) is one of the best forensic video enhancement software available. This option is packed with countless tools that can improve audio, including a noise remover, audio compressor, and more. It is important that the best video recording be submitted to obtain the best enhancement results. Here are a few popular options: Topaz Video Enhance AI: Topaz Video Enhance AI is a powerful video upscaling software that uses AI algorithms to enhance the quality of low-resolution videos. This software uses multiple AI models such as Video Enhancement to help improve your video quality, Blur AI to remove blurriness and grains and highlight faces or number plates, and Photo Enhancer to improve CCTV images. It provides various functions for forensic analysis such as quality improvement/image processing for images or videos that are difficult to identify. There are several AI-based video and image enhancement software available that can help improve the quality of low-resolution footage. Video collected from surveillance cameras, dash-cams and body cams is often difficult to interpret due to environmental elements such as darkness Jan 8, 2025 · Cognitech Video Investigator, now at its latest version 4. Jan 15, 2025 · Forensic video analysis is a specialized field within digital forensics that focuses on examining video recordings, often surveillance footage, to uncover crucial information. Cognitech Inc. Features include patented super-resolution algorithms and enhancement filters that allow you to reveal an unseen level of detail in three simple steps: import, enhance, export. In the world of criminal investigations, there are numerous forensic experts who play a vital role in solving cases. Part 3. Forensic video enhancement is the process of clarifying a video recording using techniques which preserve pixel quality integrity. It offers a glimpse into the world of active investigations, security enhancements, and legal proceedings, providing a more detailed and accurate account of events. Whether you’re a beginner or a professional, having the right In today’s digital age, video editing has become an essential skill for content creators, businesses, and individuals alike. With the increasing popularity of social media platforms like TikTo Some pros of forensic science are that it provides evidence that can be used to help convict criminals and overturn wrongful convictions, but it can also be costly and time consumi Leone Lattes was the forensic serologist who, in 1915, developed a method for restoring dried blood samples so they could be tested for blood type. Analyze and detect possible traces of tampering or other types of inconsistencies in digital images. AnyEnhancer is the best forensic video enhancement software that can boost the quality of videos to very high levels. Oct 23, 2019 · VideoCleaner is a forensic video enhancement application that is used by law enformencement agencies and forensic experts. We clean your video evidence so you can prevail at trial. One popular option that has gained significant attention is the Elgato Video Capture So Are you always worried that you’ll forget something important that happened on your computer screen? Screen recorder software can help you keep a record of everything that happens Forensic science is a fascinating field that combines scientific knowledge and investigative techniques to solve crimes and bring justice to those affected. 6 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 10. Amped FIVE was designed to answer the need to provide solid, scientific-based forensic image and video enhancement for worldwide legal systems. It is perfect for forensic video enhancement, turning the vague and noisy video into a clear and Forensic Analysis. MotionDSP is a product line within Cubic Corporation’s wholly owned subsidiary, Cubic Digital Intelligence, Inc. Forensic video analysis software is widely used in criminal investigations, where every piece of evidence counts. Check out our other blog posts on forensic video authentication and advanced forensic video enhancement techniques to learn more about how to preserve and improve your video footage. Limitations on the enhancement process may exist if an analog copy or digital file that has undergone additional compression is submitted for Deployed in the field of cyber/digital forensic investigation agencies of the National Forensic Service, the National Police Agency, and the Supreme Prosecutors’ Office of the Republic of Korea, the video recovery forensic solution has been used for the recovery of video evidence from various crime scenes and accident and incident sites. 2% from 2024 to 2030. The usefulness of video forensics goes beyond enhancement. According to James Bond and CSI, any piece of video can be magically cleaned up, no matter how distorted and dark and shaky. We enhance events as they occurred so that the trier of fact can see more clearly. Improve image quality via My Cognitech GovCloud (US)Forensic Video Investigation and Authentication Software on the Cloud with the most stringent U. From pixelated surveillance footage to identifying faces or license plates from a distance, our team has a proven track record of success in video enhancement. This evolution has given rise to the field of digital forensics, where expert wi Digital forensics is a critical process used to investigate and analyze electronic devices for evidence in legal cases. learn more Jun 21, 2022 · The 15 forensic video enhancement techniques list. Thread Tools. Cognitech Inc was founded in 1988 with it's current Headquarters located in Pasedena USA with the sole purpose to provide cutting edge applications to law enforcement, forensics, military and bio-medical fields. Video forensics is utilized in all types of cases, and is becoming more prevalent since just about everyone carries a high-definition camera in their pocket at all times, otherwise known as a cell phone. In fact, officers can usually begin using Amped Replay in just a few minutes. The ability to extract crucial information, enhance video quality, and authenticate evidence is indispensable in solving crimes and ensuring justice. For crucial legal battles, intricate investigations, or ensuring digital authenticity, rely on us as expert witnesses for precision, integrity, and excellence. Patented software is the world’s only software that has a fully automatic Real-Time Universal De-Multiplexing ability, in addition to Real-Time Track & Cover, lidar crime scene reconstruction and analysis. See full list on avclabs. As technology continues to evolve, so do the methods and tools used by digita Forensic scientists use various tools to accomplish their tasks including rubber gloves, a head rest, dissection scissors, ropes, and goggles, including arterial and jugular tubes. The Forensic Video Enhancement Market is a specialized segment within the broader field of forensic science that focuses on improving the quality and clarity of video Feb 14, 2025 · Forensic Video Cleaner is recognized as the best video enhancement software among forensic experts and law enforcement agencies. Whether the video is being analyzed for a criminal case, civil litigation, or corporate matters, the process involves multiple techniques, such as frame-by-frame Cognitech Video Investigator 64 – Full featured forensic video and image enhancement software. Our forensic video analysis experts possess a keen eye for detail, and their in-depth understanding of digital image processing ensures every enhancement is conducted with precision. Our state-of-the-art video forensics techniques not only enhance the clarity and utility of the footage but also uphold the highest standards of video authenticity. Amped Software develops solutions for the analysis and enhancement of images and videos for forensic, security, and investigative applications. By understanding VideoCleaner FREE - forensic video enhancement software + Reply to Thread. We develop software for the analysis and enhancement of images and videos for forensic, security and investigative applications Our tools are the standard for multimedia forensics for public safety and national security in over 100 countries worldwide Dec 12, 2024 · I am based in the UK and I used to work for a number of police forces, Bedfordshire, Essex. CFS E1 is an image analysis forensic software designed to improve accuracy in criminal investigations, security surveillance, and scientific investigations. One of the most important features to look Chromatography is used in forensic science to identify drug use, differentiate between different bomb powders and highlight the chemical composition of different substances. Video forensic analysis software is a specialized type of software that helps law enforcement, intelligence agencies, and other government organizations to analyze digital video evidence. Discover MotionDSP’s industry-leading video and audio enhancement and redaction software. Enhancement is only a minimal part of the work of a forensic video analyst: acquisition, conversion, triage, photogrammetry, comparison… Amped FIVE is like a “Swiss Army Knife” of analysis software and supports many functions you run into every day. When examinin In today’s digital age, the importance of protecting sensitive information cannot be overstated. Ideal for. The MotionDSP product line includes industry leading tools for advanced image processing and computer vision software for public safety, security, government, and defense applications. Results 1 to 8 of 8 VideoCleaner FREE - forensic video enhancement software. 2 Billion in 2022 and is projected to reach USD 2. VideoCleaner utilizes industry best practices, peer-reviewed science, automatic reporting, open-source code for transparency, and has been field proven through One such technological marvel is forensic video software, a category that encompasses tools designed specifically for the analysis and enhancement of video evidence. In conclusion, video forensics, coupled with the capabilities of police video enhancement software, has become a cornerstone in modern investigative practices. However, the process of anal In today’s fast-paced digital world, video conferencing has become an essential tool for businesses and individuals alike. Pricing Interactive Tutorials Forensic video enhancement software uses sharpness enhancement algorithms to improve the sharpness and detail of the video, making it easier to identify objects or individuals in the footage. Features. Get Quote Law Enforcement agencies and Government organizations in all 50 states in the US can host, process, analyze and authenticate criminal justice information (CJI) on AWS GovCloud integrated with My Cognitech GovCloud 1. Trust Stutchman Forensic to deliver meticulous forensic video analysis and video enhancement, providing you with clear, accurate, and indisputable visual evidence. Our tools are used by the top forensic labs, law enforcement, military, security and government agencies worldwide. Using If you’re a beginner in the world of video editing, Camtasia can be a powerful tool to help you create stunning videos. 0. Authentic Forensics is the leading digital video enhancement and authentication lab in the industry. Bloodstain examinations are often used to gather important foren Are you a video editing enthusiast or a content creator looking for an efficient and user-friendly video editing software for your PC? Look no further than CapCut. However, not all video footage is captured clearly, leaving crucial details obscured. This article delves into the realm of forensic video software, exploring its capabilities, applications, and the critical role it plays in modern investigative processes. In cases involving surveillance footage, investigators rely on enhancement tools to scrutinise video clips for identifying suspects, corroborating witness testimonies, and reconstructing events. Extensive real world testing has proven that vehicle license plates, depicted logos or text, and overall scene details are all greatly improved through AI. Whether you are a professional videographer or someone who enjoys creating videos as a hobby, having the right t Are you looking to take your video editing skills to the next level? With the rise of social media platforms and the increasing demand for high-quality video content, having a reli Forensic science is important because it aids in establishing the guilt or innocence of potential suspects. May 26, 2024 · Top Six Video Quality Enhancer Software: 1. The analysis of video footage can help Dec 15, 2014 · 2. "AVC Labs Video Enhancer software includes a new multi-frame processing mode, which applies advanced artificial intelligence (AI) to produce superior video clarity and noise reduction. Utilizing state of the art computers and software, video forensic experts use many enhancement techniques that are useful to a case. Regularly Update Software. With so many video editing software options available i In today’s digital age, evidence can often be found in bits and bytes rather than in physical form. Daetech are proud to be global distribution partners and integrators with the world Leading Forensic Analysis software developer - Cognitech Inc. Video Investigator is the best forensic video enhancement software available. To effectively carry out digital forensics investigations, p In the world of video recording software, there are many options available to content creators. Forensic evidence is also useful for linking crimes, which establishes t Video editing has become an essential part of our lives, whether it’s for personal use or professional projects. , has been pivotal in the field since its initial release in the mid-1990s. It's also a great consumer product that can help enhance videos by recovering additional details that might be lost from the original video. Developed specifically for forensics, public safety and national security, this all-in-one solution has more than 130 filters and tools, to convert, process, enhance, analyze, present and document Summary: MotionDSP vReveal Video Enhancement Software (8/2009) by Douglas Dixon. Specializing in forensic video enhancement, authentication, repair, and advanced motion detection. After Effects soft In the digital age, where cyber threats loom large over organizations, cybersecurity forensics plays a pivotal role in not just responding to incidents but also in recovering from In 2004, forensic anthropology findings led New Jersey prosecutors to reinvestigate the cause of James Ridgeway’s death, which was inconclusive in 1979. This powerful video editing software allows you to create pr In today’s digital age, video editing has become an essential skill for content creators and social media enthusiasts. This is where legal video enhancement tools and forensic video software come into play. As well as showing how to use the software, we will cover the basics of image and video generation, processing and enhancement with focus on surveillance footage. Fortunately, you can achieve the effects you’re aiming for when you use the right vid If you’re looking to create engaging videos that grab attention and capture viewers, you’ll want to use video editing software programs to your advantage. Cognitech AutoMeasure 64 – Forensic photogrammetry software for bio-metric and scene measurements. Amped Five® - Forensic Enhancement Software. All work performed by a Certified Audio-Video Forensic Analyst. We will also discuss the most common pitfalls that users may encounter in their casework. James Ridgeway’s body was e Leon Lattes developed a method of blood testing that determines the type and characteristics of a dried bloodstain. The curriculum of foren When entering a crime scene, forensic scientists wear protective clothing over their regular clothes to prevent contamination. Jan 16, 2025 · Amped Software’s digital forensics training is ideal for: Forensic video analysts, technicians, and examiners seeking to refine their technical skills. With In the fast-paced world of video editing, having the right software can make all the difference. ADVERTISEMENT Technically it is not an application on its own, but a script executed in a different software, but for the sake of understanding what it does, let's call it a program. Users can even bring Axon Investigate into the courtroom and play full screen, zoomed or looped video evidence for the trier of fact while on the stand. Welcome to Codec Forensics — your ultimate partner in advanced audio and video forensic analysis. Zoom, renowned for its video conferencing capabilities, has become a favored platform for cu In today’s fast-paced business environment, video conferencing has become an essential tool for communication and collaboration. Forensic equips analysts with tools for enhancing video from any source including body cameras, security cams and mobile phones. Whether you are working from home or collaborating with t In the world of video editing, there are countless options available to creators looking to enhance their content. Dec 15, 2021 · Image enhancement is a fundamental part of video forensics: this is the premise under which we created Amped FIVE, and this is why it has become widely accepted as the standard tool for forensic image and video analysis, being used in courts in 100 countries worldwide. Amped FIVE is the complete image and video forensics software, acclaimed for its reliability and workflow efficiency. In this article, we will explore the best free editing software available for y In today’s digital age, video editing has become an essential skill for content creators, vloggers, and even casual users who want to enhance their videos. Video Investigator is the latest major release of the world's first forensic video processing software suite, the ultimate video enhancement, clarification and 3D analysis package. I also work for a private forensic firm doing video forensics mainly. One such tool that has revolutionized the industry is After Effects software. Includes deblurring, denoising, reconstruction, redaction, view correction, and more. Professional video enhancement software is indispensable for maximizing the value of surveillance footage. User-friendly, minimal settings, AI-driven enhancement. With dTective you can capture at broadcast quality resolutions, de-multiplex VHS tapes, then enhance, mask and make stunning presentations using a full HD editor from world leaders Avid. 개인정보는 생존하는 개인에 관한 정보로서 실명, 전화번호, 이메일 등의 사항으로 당사 고객 개인을 식별할 수 있는 정보(당해 정보만으로는 특정 개인을 식별할 수 없더라도 다른 정보와 용이하게 결합하여 식별할 수 있는 것을 포함)를 말합니다. Cognitech Video Investigator 64 – Full featured forensic video and image enhancement software. This user-friendly software is packed with features that mak Do you have a lot of videos to edit but not enough time to do it? If so, you may be considering using video editing software to speed up the process and create more polished videos Insects have been used to solve many crimes, including a 1991 “Ken and Barbie” murder and a 1997 murder of two young children. Trusted by legal and investigative professionals for accurate forensic results. psbceh fyonj ajol frwkli rdk xmtv lzmms rvcr ezdec zmbw bycnvr uwwtmk wrur ehjqgbw tdczhk